Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red with Sol-Gel Immobilized TiO₂ Thin Layers on the Inner Surface of a Glass Tube Column
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70076/cj.v1i1.29Keywords:
Congo Red, Degradation, Photocatalytic, Immobilization, TiO2Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red in water was conducted using an immobilized TiO₂ film inside a glass column tube (IWGCT-TiO₂). The TiO₂ film was prepared using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) via the sol-gel method, then calcined at 400°C. Characterization by UV-Vis, XRD, and SEM revealed an anatase phase with an absorption peak at 390 nm and a diffraction peak at 2θ = 25°. The crystallite size was approximately 8.99 nm, and the substrate was well-covered. The IWGCT-TiO₂ was placed in a batch reactor equipped with a 22-watt black UV lamp and an aerator to enhance oxygen transfer. Under UV irradiation, TiO₂ generates electrons and holes that degrade organic molecules. Optimal degradation occurred with eight TiO₂ coatings, achieving nearly 99% removal of 50 ppm Congo Red after 240 minutes. Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics yielded a reaction rate constant of k_r = 1.311 ppm/min and an adsorption constant of K = 0.043/ppm. The quantum yield was approximately 77% over 11.5 hours. During this time, intermediate organics such as oxalic acid appeared before full mineralization. Control tests with UV light alone or TiO₂ without light showed no significant degradation, confirming the necessity of both light and the catalyst for effective photocatalysis.
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